Long before modern nations emerged, communities around the world practiced diplomacy in simple ways. Messengers carried tokens of peace, tribes exchanged gifts and ambassadors represented their nations to one another. These activities are the scaled-up versions of simple human interactions, which have helped communities learn to live together and manage shared resources. Diplomacy is not just about avoiding conflict and promoting prosperity; it also seeks to foster relationships and build trust, skills essential to sustainable living at any level of organization.
Diplomatic relations typically entail establishing an initial contact between two states and engaging in negotiations. Negotiations aim to reach agreements on a variety of issues, from resource sharing and trade to international law and human rights. Diplomats must always respect the sovereignty and internal affairs of the state they represent, and abide by a rule called non-interference. They must also show mutual respect, and avoid the perception of bias or unfairness in their actions. In rare cases, diplomats can be withdrawn from a country, a move that usually signals a breakdown in diplomatic relations.
The study of diplomatic relations draws upon a wide range of disciplines. Political science provides a framework for understanding states and international systems; history illuminates patterns of cooperation and conflict; and law and legal studies explain the rules and institutions that govern diplomatic conduct. Sociology and anthropology provide insights into cultural differences that shape negotiation styles and communication, while psychology and behavioral sciences help understand the complexities of human decision-making and conflict resolution. Diplomacy is also deeply shaped by power dynamics, whether weaker parties negotiating with stronger partners or major powers seeking spheres of influence. It is also influenced by deeper philosophical disagreements about issues like human rights, historical responsibility, and the relationship between humans and nature.